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Law croaker (Pseudotolithus senegallus) — Sciaenidae

Law croaker

Pseudotolithus senegallus
Family: Sciaenidae
VU · Vulnerable
NativeIntroduced

The Law croaker (Pseudotolithus senegallus) is a saltwater fish of the family Sciaenidae that grows up to 230 cm.

Length
230 cm
Water
Saltwater
Depth
0.0–150.0 m
Diet
Carnivore
Behaviour
Schooling
Activity
Nocturnal
Body shape
Torpedo-shaped
Substrate
Sand / mud bottom
Danger
Harmless
Range
Eastern Atlantic along the coast of West Africa, over sandy and silty bottoms of coastal water and estuaries.
Edibility
Highly prized

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Description

The law croaker is a very large croaker of the family Sciaenidae (drums) reaching up to about 2.3 metres. The elongate, silvery body has a yellowish tinge and a terminal mouth. Like other drums it can make a loud drumming sound with muscles against its swim bladder. The species forms schools over sand and mud bottoms of coastal water and estuaries along the West African coast. As a powerful predator it hunts fish, shrimps, crabs and other crustaceans. It is an important commercial fish and a valued sport fish, but has declined through overfishing; the IUCN assesses it as Vulnerable (VU).

Frequently asked questions

How do you recognise the Law croaker?

The Law croaker has a torpedo-shaped body, is mainly silver-grey and shows a plain pattern. Very large, silvery croaker with a yellowish tinge; makes a loud drumming sound with the swim bladder and lives over soft bottoms of coastal waters.

Where does the Law croaker live?

The Law croaker lives in the sea (marine waters) and is mostly found around sand or mud bottom. Eastern Atlantic along the coast of West Africa, over sandy and silty bottoms of coastal water and estuaries.

How big does the Law croaker get?

The Law croaker grows to a maximum of about 230 cm. On average the species is around 85 cm.

Is the Law croaker dangerous to humans?

No, the Law croaker is harmless to humans. None required: this species is harmless to humans.

Is the Law croaker edible?

Yes, the Law croaker is a highly prized food fish.

More photos

Law croaker (Pseudotolithus senegallus) — Sciaenidae — 2
iNaturalist ((c) Luke Smith, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC))
Law croaker (Pseudotolithus senegallus) — Sciaenidae — 3
Wikimedia Commons — Internet Archive Book Images (No restrictions)
Law croaker (Pseudotolithus senegallus) — Sciaenidae — 4
iNaturalist ((c) Lucy Keith-Diagne, some rights reserved (CC BY))
Law croaker (Pseudotolithus senegallus) — Sciaenidae — 5
iNaturalist ((c) Luke Smith, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC))

Easily confused with

These species look like the Law croaker and live in the same waters.

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All data

Identification

English name
Law croaker verified
Scientific name
Pseudotolithus senegallus
Family
Sciaenidae
Other names
Whiting; Cassavafish; Small-mouth croaker verified

Appearance

Size class
Extra large verified
Max length (cm)
230 verified
Average length (cm)
85.0 verified
Body shape
Torpedo-shaped sourced
Dominant colour
Silver / grey sourced
Pattern
Plain sourced
Tail shape
Straight inferred
Mouth position
Terminal inferred
Lips
Thick / fleshy inferred
Barbels
No verified
Dorsal fins
Two separate sourced
Dorsal spines
Yes verified

Habitat & distribution

Water type
Saltwater verified
Substrate
Sand / mud bottom verified
Min depth (m)
0.0 verified
Max depth (m)
150.0 verified
Natural range
Eastern Atlantic along the coast of West Africa, over sandy and silty bottoms of coastal water and estuaries. verified
Origin
Native verified

Behaviour & biology

Diet
Carnivore verified
Diet (detail)
Fishes, shrimps, crabs and other crustaceans sourced
Social behaviour
Schooling verified
Territorial
No verified
Activity
Nocturnal inferred
Reproduction
Separate sexes verified
Sexual dimorphism
No verified
Seasonality
Forms shoals over soft bottoms of coastal water and estuaries; eggs and larvae drift in open water. sourced
Special features
Very large, silvery croaker with a yellowish tinge; makes a loud drumming sound with the swim bladder and lives over soft bottoms of coastal waters. sourced

For anglers

Edibility
Highly prized verified
Fishing method
Bottom fishing or casting with a baitfish or shrimp over sandy seabeds and near estuaries; a powerful sport fish sourced
Regulations source
FishBase ↗ inferred

Safety

Danger to humans
Harmless verified
First aid
None required: this species is harmless to humans. sourced

Status & sources

Sources
FishBase via GBIF (DwC-A), CC-BY-NC 4.0

Same genus Pseudotolithus

More from the family Sciaenidae

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